The Ten Commandments, often referred to as the Decalogue, are more than just ancient rules etched in stone. They represent a foundational code for ethical living that has shaped legal systems, moral philosophies, and societies for millennia. But in a world of complex questions and shifting norms, many people find themselves asking, what are the Ten Commandments, and do they still hold any real relevance? This guide is designed to answer that question directly and comprehensively.

We will unpack each of the ten directives, presenting both the traditional text and a clear, modern paraphrase to make its meaning accessible. This listicle goes beyond a simple recitation. You will learn about the subtle yet important differences in how Jewish, Catholic, and Protestant traditions number and interpret them, providing a fuller understanding of their historical and theological context.

More importantly, we will explore the profound modern applications of these ancient principles. Prepare to see this iconic text not as a restrictive list of "thou shalt nots," but as a practical blueprint for building a life of integrity, respect, and purpose. We will also connect these timeless values to tangible expressions of identity, exploring how conviction can become a wearable statement. This article provides a definitive resource for anyone seeking to understand the enduring power of this foundational moral code.

1. Commandment 1: You Shall Have No Other Gods Before Me

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:3, NIV): "You shall have no other gods before me."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Put God first, above all else. Do not worship or prioritize anything-whether it's a person, an object, an idea, or a goal-more than God.

The Foundation of Faith

This first entry in the list of what are the ten commandments is the bedrock upon which all the others are built. It establishes the principle of monotheism, the belief in one true God, which was a radical concept in the ancient world filled with polytheistic cultures. It's not just a prohibition against worshipping statues of stone or gold; it's a call to exclusive loyalty and devotion.

This commandment fundamentally defines the relationship between God and humanity. It asks believers to orient their entire lives-their thoughts, ambitions, and affections-around a singular, divine center. By placing God first, everything else is meant to fall into its proper place.

Modern-Day "Gods"

While few people today bow to carved idols, the temptation to have "other gods" is as relevant as ever. Modern idols are often more subtle and can take many forms:

  • Success and Career: When work, promotions, and professional status become the ultimate source of identity and worth.
  • Wealth and Materialism: The relentless pursuit of money and possessions as the primary goal of life.
  • Approval and Popularity: Prioritizing the opinions of others and social media validation over divine guidance.
  • Power and Control: An obsession with influencing others and managing every outcome.

This commandment challenges us to examine our hearts and identify what truly sits on the throne of our lives. It’s a call to ensure that our ultimate allegiance is given to God alone.

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2. Commandment 2: You Shall Not Make for Yourself an Idol

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:4-6, NIV): "You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God..."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Don't create or worship physical objects as gods. God is a spirit and cannot be captured or limited by a statue, picture, or any created thing. Worship the Creator, not the creation.

The Spirit of Worship

This second point in our list of what are the ten commandments builds directly on the first. After establishing that there is only one God, this command protects the purity of worship. It forbids idolatry, the act of representing the divine in physical form and then directing worship toward that object. The core idea is that the infinite, invisible God cannot be reduced to a finite, man-made object.

This directive was revolutionary. It challenged the surrounding cultures where gods were routinely depicted in statues and temples. This commandment pushes believers toward a more abstract and internal form of faith, one focused on a relationship with a spirit rather than a ritual directed at an object. It emphasizes that true worship transcends physical representation.

Idols Beyond Statues

Just like the first commandment, the prohibition against idols extends beyond literal statues of gold or stone. A modern idol can be any representation or concept we use to try and control, contain, or simplify God to fit our own preferences. This can manifest in several ways:

  • Rigid Traditions: When religious rituals or traditions become more important than the God they are meant to honor.
  • Mental Images: Clinging to a flawed or incomplete concept of God (e.g., seeing God only as a cosmic ATM or a harsh judge) and worshipping that limited idea instead of the true, multifaceted God of scripture.
  • Symbolism Over Substance: Placing ultimate spiritual value in a physical symbol, like a cross or a building, to the point where the object itself is venerated.

This commandment calls for a worship that is authentic and unconfined. It encourages us to engage with God as a living, infinite Spirit, not as a concept or object we can easily manage.

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3. Commandment 3: You Shall Not Take the Name of the LORD Your God in Vain

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:7, NIV): "You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Respect God's name and all that it represents. Do not use it lightly, dishonestly, or to cause harm.

The Weight of a Name

The third entry in our list of what are the ten commandments addresses the sanctity of God’s name. In ancient cultures, a name was not just a label; it represented the very essence, character, and authority of a person. This commandment, therefore, is about more than avoiding casual profanity. It’s a call to treat the very identity of God with the utmost reverence and seriousness.

This command protects the integrity of one's word and the sacredness of faith itself. To invoke God's name is to call upon His authority and presence. Using it falsely or for selfish gain is an act of profound disrespect that empties faith of its meaning and power.

Modern Misuses of the Name

While swearing a false oath is a clear violation, this commandment applies to many modern behaviors where God's name is invoked improperly. These misuses are often subtle but carry significant weight:

  • False Oaths: Lying under oath in a court of law after swearing on a Bible or "so help me God."
  • Hypocritical Piety: Making a public show of faith or invoking God's name to gain trust or social standing while living a contradictory life.
  • Manipulative Language: Using religious phrases like "God told me" to justify personal desires, control others, or end a debate.
  • Empty Promises: Making a vow or promise in God's name with no real intention of keeping it.

This commandment challenges us to align our words with our actions, ensuring that when we speak of God, we do so with sincerity, truthfulness, and profound respect for His holiness.

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4. Remember the Sabbath Day, to Keep It Holy

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:8-11, NIV): "Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Set aside one day each week for rest and worship. Honor God by taking a break from regular work to recharge your body, soul, and spirit.

A Rhythm of Rest and Renewal

This fourth entry in the list of what are the ten commandments establishes a sacred rhythm for life: six days of work followed by one day of rest. This wasn't just a suggestion; it was a command rooted in the very act of creation, reflecting God's own pattern of work and rest. It’s a divine permission slip to stop, breathe, and reconnect with God, family, and community.

Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy

The Sabbath is a powerful statement that our value is not defined by our productivity or hustle. It is a gift designed to prevent burnout, strengthen relationships, and create dedicated space for spiritual focus. By ceasing our labor, we express trust that God is in control and will provide for our needs. You can explore the deeper purpose of this concept and others in our article on the meaning behind the ten commandments.

Modern-Day Sabbath Keeping

In a 24/7 world driven by constant connectivity and pressure to perform, the principle of the Sabbath is more counter-cultural and necessary than ever. While traditions vary (from the Jewish Shabbat observance of Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, to the common Christian practice of Sunday worship), the core idea remains the same.

Applying this commandment today means intentionally guarding a day for restoration:

  • Digital Detox: Unplugging from emails, social media, and work notifications.
  • Worship and Community: Actively participating in church services or faith-based gatherings.
  • Restorative Activities: Spending quality time with loved ones, enjoying nature, reading, or engaging in hobbies that refresh the soul.
  • Intentional Stillness: Creating space for prayer, reflection, and simply being present without an agenda.

This commandment challenges us to resist the culture of busyness and embrace a holy pause that ultimately makes the other six days more fruitful and purpose-driven.

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5. Commandment 5: Honor Your Father and Mother

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:12, NIV): "Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Respect, care for, and listen to your parents. This isn’t just for children; it’s a lifelong principle of showing gratitude and upholding the family structure.

The Bridge Between Divine and Human Relationships

This fifth entry in our list of what are the ten commandments is a pivotal one, acting as a bridge. While the first four commandments focus on humanity's relationship with God, this one transitions to our relationships with each other, starting with the most fundamental human connection: the family. It establishes the family unit as the primary place where respect, authority, and love are learned.

Honor your father and mother

This command is unique because it comes with a promise: a long life in the land. This suggests that stable families, built on a foundation of mutual honor, are essential for a healthy and enduring society. Honoring parents is seen as an extension of honoring God, as they are the instruments through which life is given and nurtured.

Honoring Parents in Every Stage of Life

The application of this commandment evolves as we age. For a child, it means obedience and respect for authority. For adults, it often transforms into a different kind of honor that involves care, support, and appreciation.

  • Practical Care: This can mean providing financial assistance for aging parents, helping with healthcare decisions, or simply being present for them in their later years.
  • Respectful Communication: It involves listening to their wisdom and experience, even when you disagree. It’s about maintaining a tone of respect in all interactions. You can learn more about strengthening these kinds of familial bonds.
  • Gratitude: It’s a call to actively remember and be thankful for the sacrifices your parents made. This extends beyond them to honoring their legacy and the values they instilled.

This commandment challenges us to cultivate a lifelong attitude of respect for the people who gave us our start, recognizing that this familial honor is foundational to a just and loving community.

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6. Commandment 6: You Shall Not Murder

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:13, NIV): "You shall not murder."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Do not intentionally and unlawfully take a human life. Respect and protect the sanctity of life, which is a precious gift from God.

The Sanctity of Human Life

This sixth entry in the list of what are the ten commandments is one of the most direct and universally recognized moral laws. It establishes the principle that human life is sacred because humanity is created in the image of God. This commandment is not merely a rule for societal order; it is a profound declaration of the intrinsic value and dignity of every individual.

The original Hebrew word, ratsach, specifically refers to the malicious, premeditated killing of another person, differentiating it from accidental death or killing in a just war. This law forms the cornerstone of justice systems worldwide, asserting that no person has the right to unlawfully end the life of another. It calls for the protection of the vulnerable and the peaceful resolution of conflict.

Modern Ethical Dilemmas

While the prohibition against homicide is clear, the principle behind this commandment extends to many complex modern issues. Today, the command not to murder forces us to consider difficult ethical questions that involve the value of human life:

  • Systemic Injustice: Supporting or ignoring systems that lead to preventable deaths through poverty, lack of healthcare, or violence.
  • Destructive Words: Engaging in character assassination, slander, or bullying that can destroy a person's spirit and reputation, which Jesus linked to the anger that fuels murder (Matthew 5:21-22).
  • Indifference and Apathy: Failing to act or speak up to protect the vulnerable or prevent violence when one has the power to do so.
  • Self-Destructive Habits: Neglecting one's own health and well-being, which is also a life given by God.

This commandment challenges us to be protectors of life, not just by refraining from violence but by actively fostering a culture that respects and upholds the dignity of every person, from beginning to end.

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7. You Shall Not Commit Adultery

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:14, NIV): "You shall not commit adultery."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Be faithful to your spouse. Do not have a sexual relationship with anyone other than the person you are married to, protecting the sacred bond of marriage.

The Covenant of Fidelity

This seventh point in our guide to what are the ten commandments addresses the sanctity of marriage. It establishes a clear boundary to protect the covenantal relationship between a husband and wife. More than just a rule about physical actions, it champions the principles of trust, loyalty, and exclusivity that are essential for a marriage to thrive.

In the ancient world, as today, marriage was a foundational social institution. This commandment protects that institution from the chaos, betrayal, and emotional devastation that infidelity causes. It safeguards families, ensures social stability, and upholds the deep personal commitment made between two individuals before God.

Fidelity in the Modern Age

While the definition of adultery has remained consistent, the modern context presents new challenges to maintaining fidelity. The commandment’s spirit calls for faithfulness not just physically but also emotionally and mentally. Modern temptations and "gray areas" can include:

  • Emotional Affairs: Forming deep, intimate, and secretive emotional bonds with someone outside the marriage.
  • Digital Infidelity: Engaging in inappropriate conversations, sending explicit images, or using apps to connect with others behind a partner's back.
  • Pornography: Consuming explicit material, which many theological interpretations view as a form of mental unfaithfulness that objectifies others and harms marital intimacy.

This commandment calls for a proactive approach to protecting one's marriage. It means setting healthy boundaries, communicating openly with your partner about struggles, and intentionally cultivating a relationship where both emotional and physical needs are met within the marriage.

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8. Commandment 8: You Shall Not Steal

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:15, NIV): "You shall not steal."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Do not take anything that doesn't rightfully belong to you. Respect the property and possessions of others.

The Foundation of Trust and Order

This eighth entry in the list of what are the ten commandments is a cornerstone of civil society. It establishes the fundamental right to private property, ensuring that individuals can benefit from their own labor and resources without fear of unjust loss. This principle is essential for creating a stable, functional, and prosperous community built on mutual respect and trust.

The commandment extends far beyond the simple act of physical theft. It speaks to a broader ethic of honesty and integrity in all dealings. By prohibiting stealing, it champions fairness and protects the vulnerable from exploitation, forming the basis for economic justice, contractual law, and honest commerce.

Modern-Day Forms of Stealing

While burglary and robbery are obvious violations, the ways one can "steal" in the modern world are often more complex and subtle. This commandment challenges us to act with integrity in areas that may not seem like traditional theft:

  • Intellectual Property: Plagiarizing someone's work, pirating software or movies, or illegally downloading music is a form of stealing creative and intellectual labor.
  • Time and Resources: Wasting company time, using office supplies for personal projects without permission, or fudging a timesheet is a theft of an employer's resources.
  • Fraud and Deception: Misleading customers, engaging in dishonest business practices, or cheating on taxes are all forms of stealing through deceit.
  • Reputation: Spreading gossip or false information can "steal" someone's good name and the opportunities that come with it.

This commandment calls for a radical honesty that respects what belongs to others, whether it's their physical property, their time, their ideas, or their reputation. It asks us to be givers, not takers, in every aspect of life.

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9. You Shall Not Bear False Witness Against Your Neighbor

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:16, NIV): "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Do not lie, especially in a way that harms someone else's reputation or safety. Tell the truth, uphold justice, and protect the integrity of your community through honesty.

The Pillar of Justice and Community

The ninth entry in the list of what are the ten commandments is a cornerstone of civil society. It directly prohibits perjury, or lying in a legal setting, where a person’s freedom, property, or even life could be at stake. This command safeguards justice by ensuring that legal proceedings are based on truth, not deception.

Beyond the courtroom, this principle extends to all forms of communication. It establishes honesty as a fundamental moral duty, recognizing that lies erode trust, damage relationships, and unravel the social fabric. A community cannot function justly or peacefully if its members cannot rely on one another's word. This commandment calls for a commitment to truth in all dealings.

Modern-Day False Witness

While formal courtroom perjury is a clear violation, the spirit of this commandment is broken every day in more common, subtle ways. The modern world presents many avenues for bearing false witness:

  • Gossip and Rumors: Spreading unverified or malicious information about others, whether in person or online, that damages their reputation.
  • Social Media Misinformation: Sharing false news, doctored images, or misleading narratives that can incite hatred, panic, or injustice on a massive scale.
  • Deceptive Marketing: Making false claims about products or services to mislead consumers.
  • Academic and Professional Dishonesty: Plagiarism, falsifying data, or lying on a resume to gain an unfair advantage.

This commandment challenges us to be guardians of the truth. It requires us to verify information before we share it, to speak with integrity, and to defend the reputations of others from slander and falsehood.

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10. Commandment 10: You Shall Not Covet

Traditional Text (Exodus 20:17, NIV): "You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor."

Plain-English Paraphrase: Do not resentfully desire what belongs to someone else. Be content with what you have instead of obsessing over another person's life, possessions, or relationships.

The Heart of the Matter

This final entry in the list of what are the ten commandments is unique. While the previous nine largely address external actions, this one focuses on the internal world of thought and desire. It cuts to the very root of many sins, recognizing that wrongful actions like theft, adultery, and even murder often begin with the seed of covetousness.

You shall not covet

This commandment calls for a radical form of righteousness that begins in the heart. It's not enough to simply avoid taking what isn't yours; the ideal is to cultivate a spirit of contentment and gratitude that frees you from the destructive power of envy. It challenges believers to find their satisfaction in God, not in the accumulation of what others possess.

Modern-Day Coveting

The battle against covetousness is intensely relevant in a world saturated with social media and targeted advertising, both of which are designed to create feelings of lack and desire. Modern forms of coveting are everywhere:

  • Social Media Envy: Scrolling through curated highlight reels and feeling that your life, possessions, or relationships are inferior.
  • Consumer Culture: The constant pressure to acquire the latest gadgets, fashion, and cars to "keep up with the Joneses."
  • Career Comparison: Resenting a colleague's promotion, salary, or success instead of focusing on your own path.
  • Relational Jealousy: Desiring someone else's partner or family dynamic, leading to dissatisfaction and potential conflict.

This commandment is a powerful call to practice gratitude and find joy in your own journey. It encourages a mindset of abundance rooted in faith, not a mentality of scarcity driven by comparison.

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Ten Commandments Comparison

Commandment 🔄 Implementation complexity ⚡ Resource requirements 📊 Expected outcomes 💡 Ideal use cases ⭐ Key advantages
You shall have no other gods before Me Medium — requires sustained exclusive devotion amid pluralism Low — personal commitment; communal worship practices Unified spiritual focus; reduced idolatry Doctrinally unified communities; personal faith formation Clear moral authority; cohesive identity ⭐
You shall not make idols Low–Medium — interpretive nuance about images vs. worship Low — guidance on symbols; ritual adjustments Preserves God's transcendence; limits material misrepresentation Traditions avoiding figurative imagery; iconography policy Protects theological clarity; prevents idolization ⭐
You shall not take the name of the LORD in vain Low — behavioral norm with subjective boundaries Low — education on speech, vows, and honesty Greater reverence in language; more truthful commitments Legal oaths, religious leadership, public discourse Promotes honesty and reverence; guards sacred speech ⭐
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy Medium–High — scheduling, economic and cultural constraints Medium — time allocation; community worship and planning Regular rest and spiritual renewal; stronger family bonds 📊 Faith communities; work–life balance and sabbatical programs Prevents burnout; fosters rhythm and communal worship ⭐
Honor your father and mother Medium — relational complexity; boundary management Low–Medium — caregiving resources; family support systems Stronger family stability; improved elder care 📊 Family counseling, eldercare planning, cultural cohesion Strengthens intergenerational bonds; social stability ⭐
You shall not murder Low — clear prohibition though edge cases exist Medium — legal systems, enforcement, education Protection of life; public safety and justice 📊 Criminal law, public safety policy, peacebuilding Fundamental human-rights safeguard; social order ⭐
You shall not commit adultery Medium — private morality with definitional challenges Low–Medium — marriage education, counseling Marital fidelity; reduced family disruption 📊 Marriage counseling, ethical instruction, pastoral care Protects trust in relationships; family integrity ⭐
You shall not steal Low — straightforward prohibition; systemic complexities Medium — legal frameworks; economic institutions Security of property; trust in commerce 📊 Commercial regulation, criminal justice, contract law Supports economic stability; protects ownership rights ⭐
You shall not bear false witness Low–Medium — truth determination can be complex Low–Medium — courts, journalistic standards, accountability Judicial integrity; social trust and accurate records 📊 Legal proceedings, journalism, organizational ethics Preserves justice and reputation; builds societal trust ⭐
You shall not covet High — regulates internal desires rather than actions Low — personal disciplines: gratitude, mindfulness Increased contentment; reduced envy and materialism 📊 Mental health, consumer-awareness programs, discipleship Addresses root causes of many sins; promotes gratitude ⭐

From Stone Tablets to Streetwear: Living the Commandments Today

The journey from Mount Sinai to the modern world is long, but the wisdom inscribed on those stone tablets remains remarkably resonant. As we've explored, the Ten Commandments are far more than an ancient legal code; they are a profound guide to a life of integrity, purpose, and meaningful connection. They offer a moral architecture for building a just society and a personal framework for cultivating a virtuous heart.

Understanding what are the ten commandments involves more than just memorizing a list. It means grasping the principles behind each directive. From placing our ultimate faith in one source of truth to rejecting the modern idols of wealth, status, and self-obsession, the first four commandments guide our spiritual alignment. They call us to a life of reverence, intentionality, and restorative rest, principles that are more necessary than ever in our chaotic, always-on culture.

The latter six commandments ground this spiritual vision in our everyday human interactions. They are the bedrock of a healthy community, teaching us to honor familial bonds, protect the sanctity of life, uphold faithfulness in relationships, and respect the property of others. They champion truthfulness in a world often clouded by misinformation and encourage a spirit of contentment over the corrosive nature of envy.

Weaving Timeless Principles into Modern Life

The true power of these ancient laws is unlocked when we translate them from historical text into daily practice. This isn't about rigid, legalistic observance but about embracing the spirit behind the letter of the law.

  • Honoring Parents might look like scheduling a regular video call with them or actively seeking their wisdom on a tough decision.
  • Keeping the Sabbath could mean intentionally unplugging from all digital devices for a full day to recharge your mind and spirit.
  • Avoiding False Witness extends beyond the courtroom to include refusing to share unverified gossip or speaking up when you see someone being misrepresented online.
  • Not Coveting becomes a practice of gratitude, where you actively celebrate the successes of your friends and focus on the blessings already present in your own life.

By reframing them this way, the commandments become less of a restrictive checklist and more of a proactive guide to ethical living. They challenge us to ask deeper questions: Who or what am I truly serving? How are my actions affecting my community? Am I building a life based on honesty and contentment or on envy and falsehood?

A Moral Compass for a New Generation

In a world that often feels morally adrift, the Ten Commandments offer a stable anchor. They provide a clear, transcendent standard of right and wrong that cuts through the noise of shifting cultural trends. They remind us that true freedom isn't the absence of boundaries but the embrace of a framework that leads to flourishing, for both individuals and society as a whole.

Living out these values is a testament to a faith that is both deeply personal and visibly active. It’s about building a character defined by respect, integrity, and love. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, these ten principles serve as a timeless blueprint for a life well-lived, a guide to becoming people who not only believe in goodness but actively create it in the world around them.


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Filippo Bontempi